def test_var_args(f_arg, *argv):
    print("first normal arg:", f_arg)
    for arg in argv:
        print("another arg through *argv:", arg)

test_var_args('yasoob', 'python', 'eggs', 'test')

def greet_me(**kwargs):
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        print("{0} == {1}".format(key, value))

>>> greet_me(name="yasoob")
name == yasoob

def fibon(n):
    a = b = 1
    for i in range(n):
        yield a
        a, b = b, a + b

# way1
gen = fibon(1000000)
print(next(gen))

# way2
for x in fibon(1000000):
    print(x)
  
# `iter`将根据一个可迭代对象返回一个迭代器对象
my_string = "Yasoob"
my_iter = iter(my_string)
next(my_iter)

# eg.1
items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
squared = list(map(lambda x: x**2, items))

# eg.2
def multiply(x):
        return (x*x)
def add(x):
        return (x+x)

funcs = [multiply, add]
for i in range(5):
    value = map(lambda x: x(i), funcs)
    print(list(value))

number_list = range(-5, 5)
less_than_zero = filter(lambda x: x < 0, number_list)
print(list(less_than_zero))

from functools import reduce
product = reduce( (lambda x, y: x * y), [1, 2, 3, 4] )

# 重复的值
some_list = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'b', 'd', 'm', 'n', 'n']
duplicates = set([x for x in some_list if some_list.count(x) > 1])

# 交集
valid = set(['yellow', 'red', 'blue', 'green', 'black'])
input_set = set(['red', 'brown'])

# 差集
valid = set(['yellow', 'red', 'blue', 'green', 'black'])
input_set = set(['red', 'brown'])
print(input_set.difference(valid))

# 如果条件为真，返回真 否则返回假
# condition_is_true if condition else condition_is_false

is_fat = True 
state = "fat" if is_fat else "not fat"

from functools import wraps
def a_new_decorator(a_func):
  	@wraps(a_func)
    def wrapTheFunction():
        print("I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()")
        a_func()
        print("I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()")
    return wrapTheFunction
  
@a_new_decorator
def a_function_requiring_decoration():
    """Hey you! Decorate me!"""
    print("I am the function which needs some decoration to "
          "remove my foul smell")

a_function_requiring_decoration()
#outputs: I am doing some boring work before executing a_func()
#         I am the function which needs some decoration to remove my foul smell
#         I am doing some boring work after executing a_func()

#the @a_new_decorator is just a short way of saying:
a_function_requiring_decoration = a_new_decorator(a_function_requiring_decoration)

print(a_function_requiring_decoration.__name__)
# Output: a_function_requiring_decoration

class Person(object):

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self._name = name
        self._age = age

    # 访问器 - getter方法
    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

    # 访问器 - getter方法
    @property
    def age(self):
        return self._age

    # 修改器 - setter方法
    @age.setter
    def age(self, age):
        self._age = age

    def play(self):
        if self._age <= 18:
            print('%s is Children.' % self._name)
        else:
            print('%s is a Adult.' % self._name)


def main():
    person = Person('Jeff', 12)
    person.play()
    person.age = 22
    person.play()
    # person.name = 'Bob'  # AttributeError: can't set attribute


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

class MyClass(object):
    def __init__(self, name, identifier):
        self.name = name
        self.identifier = identifier
        self.set_up()
    # ...

class MyClass(object):
    __slots__ = ['name', 'identifier']
    def __init__(self, name, identifier):
        self.name = name
        self.identifier = identifier
        self.set_up()
    # ...

from math import sqrt


class Triangle(object):

    def __init__(self, a, b, c):
        self._a = a
        self._b = b
        self._c = c

    @staticmethod
    def is_valid(a, b, c):
        return a + b > c and b + c > a and a + c > b

    def perimeter(self):
        return self._a + self._b + self._c

    def area(self):
        half = self.perimeter() / 2
        return sqrt(half * (half - self._a) *
                    (half - self._b) * (half - self._c))


def main():
    a, b, c = 3, 4, 5
    # 静态方法和类方法都是通过给类发消息来调用的
    if Triangle.is_valid(a, b, c):
        t = Triangle(a, b, c)
        print(t.perimeter())
        # 也可以通过给类发消息来调用对象方法但是要传入接收消息的对象作为参数
        # print(Triangle.perimeter(t))
        print(t.area())
        # print(Triangle.area(t))
    else:
        print('无法构成三角形.')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from time import time, localtime, sleep


class Clock(object):
    """数字时钟"""

    def __init__(self, hour=0, minute=0, second=0):
        self._hour = hour
        self._minute = minute
        self._second = second

    @classmethod
    def now(cls):
        ctime = localtime(time())
        return cls(ctime.tm_hour, ctime.tm_min, ctime.tm_sec)

    def run(self):
        """走字"""
        self._second += 1
        if self._second == 60:
            self._second = 0
            self._minute += 1
            if self._minute == 60:
                self._minute = 0
                self._hour += 1
                if self._hour == 24:
                    self._hour = 0

    def show(self):
        """显示时间"""
        return '%02d:%02d:%02d' % \
               (self._hour, self._minute, self._second)


def main():
    # 通过类方法创建对象并获取系统时间
    clock = Clock.now()
    while True:
        print(clock.show())
        sleep(1)
        clock.run()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

class Person(object):
    """人"""

    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self._name = name
        self._age = age

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

    @property
    def age(self):
        return self._age

    @age.setter
    def age(self, age):
        self._age = age

    def play(self):
        print('%s正在愉快的玩耍.' % self._name)

    def watch_av(self):
        if self._age >= 18:
            print('%s正在观看爱情动作片.' % self._name)
        else:
            print('%s只能观看《熊出没》.' % self._name)


class Student(Person):
    """学生"""

    def __init__(self, name, age, grade):
        super().__init__(name, age)
        self._grade = grade

    @property
    def grade(self):
        return self._grade

    @grade.setter
    def grade(self, grade):
        self._grade = grade

    def study(self, course):
        print('%s的%s正在学习%s.' % (self._grade, self._name, course))


class Teacher(Person):
    """老师"""

    def __init__(self, name, age, title):
        super().__init__(name, age)
        self._title = title

    @property
    def title(self):
        return self._title

    @title.setter
    def title(self, title):
        self._title = title

    def teach(self, course):
        print('%s%s正在讲%s.' % (self._name, self._title, course))


def main():
    stu = Student('王大锤', 15, '初三')
    stu.study('数学')
    stu.watch_av()
    t = Teacher('骆昊', 38, '砖家')
    t.teach('Python程序设计')
    t.watch_av()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod


class Pet(object, metaclass=ABCMeta):
    """宠物"""

    def __init__(self, nickname):
        self._nickname = nickname

    @abstractmethod
    def make_voice(self):
        """发出声音"""
        pass


class Dog(Pet):
    """狗"""

    def make_voice(self):
        print('%s: 汪汪汪...' % self._nickname)


class Cat(Pet):
    """猫"""

    def make_voice(self):
        print('%s: 喵...喵...' % self._nickname)


def main():
    pets = [Dog('旺财'), Cat('凯蒂'), Dog('大黄')]
    for pet in pets:
        pet.make_voice()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from collections import defaultdict

colours = (
    ('Yasoob', 'Yellow'),
    ('Ali', 'Blue'),
    ('Arham', 'Green'),
    ('Ali', 'Black'),
    ('Yasoob', 'Red'),
    ('Ahmed', 'Silver'),
)

favourite_colours = defaultdict(list)

for name, colour in colours:
    favourite_colours[name].append(colour)

print(favourite_colours)

from collections import Counter

colours = (
    ('Yasoob', 'Yellow'),
    ('Ali', 'Blue'),
    ('Arham', 'Green'),
    ('Ali', 'Black'),
    ('Yasoob', 'Red'),
    ('Ahmed', 'Silver'),
)

favs = Counter(name for name, colour in colours)
print(favs)

## 输出:
## Counter({
##     'Yasoob': 2,
##     'Ali': 2,
##     'Arham': 1,
##     'Ahmed': 1
##  })

from collections import deque
d = deque()

d = deque()
d.append('1')
d.append('2')
d.append('3')

# 从两端取出(pop)数据
d.popleft()
d.pop()

# 我们也可以限制这个列表的大小，当超出你设定的限制时, 最左边一端的数据将从队列中删除
d = deque(maxlen=30)

# 还可以从任一端扩展这个队列中的数据
d.extendleft([0])
d.extend([6,7,8])

from collections import namedtuple

Animal = namedtuple('Animal', 'name age type')
perry = Animal(name="perry", age=31, type="cat")

print(perry)
## 输出: Animal(name='perry', age=31, type='cat')

print(perry[0])
print(perry.name)
## 输出: 'perry' 你可以既使用整数索引，也可以使用名称来访问`namedtuple`：

from collections import namedtuple
from enum import Enum

class Species(Enum):
    cat = 1
    dog = 2
    horse = 3
    aardvark = 4
    butterfly = 5
    owl = 6
    platypus = 7
    dragon = 8
    unicorn = 9
    # 依次类推

    # 但我们并不想关心同一物种的年龄，所以我们可以使用一个别名
    kitten = 1  # (译者注：幼小的猫咪)
    puppy = 2   # (译者注：幼小的狗狗)

Animal = namedtuple('Animal', 'name age type')
perry = Animal(name="Perry", age=31, type=Species.cat)
drogon = Animal(name="Drogon", age=4, type=Species.dragon)
tom = Animal(name="Tom", age=75, type=Species.cat)
charlie = Animal(name="Charlie", age=2, type=Species.kitten)

# 有三种方法访问枚举数据，例如以下方法都可以获取到'cat'的值：
Species(1)
Species['cat']
Species.cat

for counter, value in enumerate(some_list):
    print(counter, value)

my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'grapes', 'pear']
for c, value in enumerate(my_list, 1):
    print(c, value)

# 输出:
(1, 'apple')
(2, 'banana')
(3, 'grapes')
(4, 'pear')

my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'grapes', 'pear']
counter_list = list(enumerate(my_list, 1))
print(counter_list)
# 输出: [(1, 'apple'), (2, 'banana'), (3, 'grapes'), (4, 'pear')]

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
dir(my_list)
# Output: ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__',
# '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__',
# '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__',
# '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__',
# '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__',
# '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__', '__str__',
# '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop',
# 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']

print(type(''))
# Output: <type 'str'>

print(type([]))
# Output: <type 'list'>

print(type({}))
# Output: <type 'dict'>

print(type(dict))
# Output: <type 'type'>

print(type(3))
# Output: <type 'int'>

name = "Yasoob"
print(id(name))
# Output: 139972439030304

import inspect
print(inspect.getmembers(str))
# Output: [('__add__', <slot wrapper '__add__' of ... ...

multiples = [i for i in range(30) if i % 3 is 0]
print(multiples)
# Output: [0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27]

# 需要使用for循环来生成一个新列表
squared = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

try:
    file = open('test.txt', 'rb')
except (IOError, EOFError) as e:
    print("An error occurred. {}".format(e.args[-1]))

try:
    file = open('test.txt', 'rb')
except EOFError as e:
    print("An EOF error occurred.")
    raise e
except IOError as e:
    print("An error occurred.")
    raise e

try:
    file = open('test.txt', 'rb')
except Exception:
    # 打印一些异常日志，如果你想要的话
    raise

for item in container:
    if search_something(item):
        # Found it!
        process(item)
        break
else:
    # Didn't find anything..
    not_found_in_container()

import io

with open('photo.jpg', 'r+') as f:
    jpgdata = f.read()
    
with open('photo.jpg', 'rb') as inf:
    jpgdata = inf.read()

if jpgdata.startswith(b'\xff\xd8'):
    text = u'This is a JPEG file (%d bytes long)\n'
else:
    text = u'This is a random file (%d bytes long)\n'

with io.open('summary.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outf:
    outf.write(text % len(jpgdata))

from functools import lru_cache

@lru_cache(maxsize=32)
def fib(n):
    if n < 2:
        return n
    return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

>>> print([fib(n) for n in range(10)])
# Output: [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

fib.cache_clear()

with open('some_file', 'w') as opened_file:
    opened_file.write('Hola!')

# e.g.2 
def main():
    try:
        
        # 一次性读取整个文件内容
        with open('致橡树.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            print(f.read())

        # 通过for-in循环逐行读取
        with open('致橡树.txt', mode='r') as f:
            for line in f:
                print(line, end='')
                time.sleep(0.5)
        print()
        
        # 读取文件按行读取到列表中
        with open('致橡树.txt') as f:
            lines = f.readlines()       
    		print(lines)
        
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print('无法打开指定的文件!')
    except LookupError:
        print('指定了未知的编码!')
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        print('读取文件时解码错误!')
    except IOError as ex:
        print(ex)
        print('写文件时发生错误!')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from contextlib import contextmanager

@contextmanager
def open_file(name):
    f = open(name, 'w')
    yield f
    f.close()

with open_file('some_file') as f:
    f.write('hola!')

import json

def main():
    mydict = {
        'name': '骆昊',
        'age': 38,
        'qq': 957658,
        'friends': ['王大锤', '白元芳'],
        'cars': [
            {'brand': 'BYD', 'max_speed': 180},
            {'brand': 'Audi', 'max_speed': 280},
            {'brand': 'Benz', 'max_speed': 320}
        ]
    }
    try:
        with open('data.json', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fs:
            json.dump(mydict, fs)
    except IOError as e:
        print(e)
    print('保存数据完成!')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

import re


def main():
    # 创建正则表达式对象 使用了前瞻和回顾来保证手机号前后不应该出现数字
    pattern = re.compile(r'(?<=\D)1[34578]\d{9}(?=\D)')
    sentence = '''
    重要的事情说8130123456789遍，我的手机号是13512346789这个靓号，
    不是15600998765，也是110或119，王大锤的手机号才是15600998765。
    '''
    # 查找所有匹配并保存到一个列表中
    mylist = re.findall(pattern, sentence)
    print(mylist)
    print('--------华丽的分隔线--------')
    # 通过迭代器取出匹配对象并获得匹配的内容
    for temp in pattern.finditer(sentence):
        print(temp.group())
    print('--------华丽的分隔线--------')
    # 通过search函数指定搜索位置找出所有匹配
    m = pattern.search(sentence)
    while m:
        print(m.group())
        m = pattern.search(sentence, m.end())


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from multiprocessing import Process
from os import getpid
from random import randint
from time import time, sleep


def download_task(filename):
    print('启动下载进程，进程号[%d].' % getpid())
    print('开始下载%s...' % filename)
    time_to_download = randint(5, 10)
    sleep(time_to_download)
    print('%s下载完成! 耗费了%d秒' % (filename, time_to_download))


def main():
    start = time()
    p1 = Process(target=download_task, args=('Python从入门到住院.pdf', ))
    p1.start()
    p2 = Process(target=download_task, args=('Peking Hot.avi', ))
    p2.start()
    p1.join()
    p2.join()
    end = time()
    print('总共耗费了%.2f秒.' % (end - start))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from random import randint
from threading import Thread
from time import time, sleep


class DownloadTask(Thread):

    def __init__(self, filename):
        super().__init__()
        self._filename = filename

    def run(self):
        print('开始下载%s...' % self._filename)
        time_to_download = randint(5, 10)
        sleep(time_to_download)
        print('%s下载完成! 耗费了%d秒' % (self._filename, time_to_download))


def main():
    start = time()
    t1 = DownloadTask('Python从入门到住院.pdf')
    t1.start()
    t2 = DownloadTask('Peking Hot.avi')
    t2.start()
    t1.join()
    t2.join()
    end = time()
    print('总共耗费了%.2f秒.' % (end - start))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from time import sleep
from threading import Thread, Lock


class Account(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self._balance = 0
        self._lock = Lock()

    def deposit(self, money):
        # 先获取锁才能执行后续的代码
        self._lock.acquire()
        try:
            new_balance = self._balance + money
            sleep(0.01)
            self._balance = new_balance
        finally:
            # 在finally中执行释放锁的操作保证正常异常锁都能释放
            self._lock.release()

    @property
    def balance(self):
        return self._balance


class AddMoneyThread(Thread):

    def __init__(self, account, money):
        super().__init__()
        self._account = account
        self._money = money

    def run(self):
        self._account.deposit(self._money)


def main():
    account = Account()
    threads = []
    for _ in range(100):
        t = AddMoneyThread(account, 1)
        threads.append(t)
        t.start()
    for t in threads:
        t.join()
    print('账户余额为: ￥%d元' % account.balance)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from multiprocessing import Process, Queue
from random import randint
from time import time


def task_handler(curr_list, result_queue):
    total = 0
    for number in curr_list:
        total += number
    result_queue.put(total)


def main():
    processes = []
    number_list = [x for x in range(1, 100000001)]
    result_queue = Queue()
    index = 0
    # 启动8个进程将数据切片后进行运算
    for _ in range(8):
        p = Process(target=task_handler,
                    args=(number_list[index:index + 12500000], result_queue))
        index += 12500000
        processes.append(p)
        p.start()
    # 开始记录所有进程执行完成花费的时间
    start = time()
    for p in processes:
        p.join()
    # 合并执行结果
    total = 0
    while not result_queue.empty():
        total += result_queue.get()
    print(total)
    end = time()
    print('Execution time: ', (end - start), 's', sep='')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

'''
单线程服务端
'''
from socket import socket, SOCK_STREAM, AF_INET
from datetime import datetime


def main():
    # 1.创建套接字对象并指定使用哪种传输服务
    # family=AF_INET - IPv4地址
    # family=AF_INET6 - IPv6地址
    # type=SOCK_STREAM - TCP套接字
    # type=SOCK_DGRAM - UDP套接字
    # type=SOCK_RAW - 原始套接字
    server = socket(family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM)
    # 2.绑定IP地址和端口(端口用于区分不同的服务)
    # 同一时间在同一个端口上只能绑定一个服务否则报错
    server.bind(('192.168.1.2', 6789))
    # 3.开启监听 - 监听客户端连接到服务器
    # 参数512可以理解为连接队列的大小
    server.listen(512)
    print('服务器启动开始监听...')
    while True:
        # 4.通过循环接收客户端的连接并作出相应的处理(提供服务)
        # accept方法是一个阻塞方法如果没有客户端连接到服务器代码不会向下执行
        # accept方法返回一个元组其中的第一个元素是客户端对象
        # 第二个元素是连接到服务器的客户端的地址(由IP和端口两部分构成)
        client, addr = server.accept()
        print(str(addr) + '连接到了服务器.')
        # 5.发送数据
        client.send(str(datetime.now()).encode('utf-8'))
        # 6.断开连接
        client.close()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    
     
'''
多线程服务端
'''
from socket import socket, SOCK_STREAM, AF_INET
from base64 import b64encode
from json import dumps
from threading import Thread


def main():
    
    # 自定义线程类
    class FileTransferHandler(Thread):

        def __init__(self, cclient):
            super().__init__()
            self.cclient = cclient

        def run(self):
            my_dict = {}
            my_dict['filename'] = 'guido.jpg'
            # JSON是纯文本不能携带二进制数据
            # 所以图片的二进制数据要处理成base64编码
            my_dict['filedata'] = data
            # 通过dumps函数将字典处理成JSON字符串
            json_str = dumps(my_dict)
            # 发送JSON字符串
            self.cclient.send(json_str.encode('utf-8'))
            self.cclient.close()

    # 1.创建套接字对象并指定使用哪种传输服务
    server = socket()
    # 2.绑定IP地址和端口(区分不同的服务)
    server.bind(('192.168.1.2', 5566))
    # 3.开启监听 - 监听客户端连接到服务器
    server.listen(512)
    print('服务器启动开始监听...')
    with open('guido.jpg', 'rb') as f:
        # 将二进制数据处理成base64再解码成字符串
        data = b64encode(f.read()).decode('utf-8')
    while True:
        client, addr = server.accept()
        # 启动一个线程来处理客户端的请求
        FileTransferHandler(client).start()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()
    
'''
多线程客户端
'''

from socket import socket
from json import loads
from base64 import b64decode


def main():
    client = socket()
    client.connect(('192.168.1.2', 5566))
    # 定义一个保存二进制数据的对象
    in_data = bytes()
    # 由于不知道服务器发送的数据有多大每次接收1024字节
    data = client.recv(1024)
    while data:
        # 将收到的数据拼接起来
        in_data += data
        data = client.recv(1024)
    # 将收到的二进制数据解码成JSON字符串并转换成字典
    # loads函数的作用就是将JSON字符串转成字典对象
    my_dict = loads(in_data.decode('utf-8'))
    filename = my_dict['filename']
    filedata = my_dict['filedata'].encode('utf-8')
    with open('/Users/Hao/' + filename, 'wb') as f:
        # 将base64格式的数据解码成二进制数据并写入文件
        f.write(b64decode(filedata))
    print('图片已保存.')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

from PIL import Image
pip install pillow
# 读取和查看图像
image = Image.open('./res/guido.jpg')
>>> image.format, image.size, image.mode
# 剪裁图像
>>> rect = 80, 20, 310, 360
>>> image.crop(rect).show()
# 生成缩略图
>>> size = 128, 128
>>> image.thumbnail(size)
# 缩放和黏贴图像
>>> image1.paste(guido_head.resize((int(width / 1.5), int(height / 1.5))), (172, 40))
# 旋转和翻转
>>> image.rotate(180).show()
>>> image.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT).show()
# 操作像素
>>> for x in range(80, 310):
...     for y in range(20, 360):
...         image.putpixel((x, y), (128, 128, 128))
... 
# 滤镜效果
>>> from PIL import Image, ImageFilter
>>> image.filter(ImageFilter.CONTOUR).show()